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1. Jon Prosser and Dona Schwartz, "Photographs within the Sociological Research," in Jon Prosser (ed.) Image-based Research: A Sourcebook for Qualitative Researchers, London and Bristol, Falmer Press, 1998, p.116.

2. Deborah Willis, "Preface," in Deborah Willis (ed.) Picturing US: African American Identity in Photography, New York, The New Press, 1994, p.x.

3. Bell Hooks, Black Looks: Race and Representation, Boston, MA, South End Press, 1992, p.133.

4. Bell Hooks, "In Our Glory: Photography and Black Life," in Deborah Willis (ed.) Picturing US: African American Identity in Photography, p.46.

5. See the History of Coles County, Illinois, Chicago, WM. Le Baron, Jr., & Co, 1879, p.230.

6. The History of Coles County, Illinois, p.225.

7. Duane Smith, "Shadows in the Past: African Americans in Early Coles County," Video Documentary Script, 2002, pp.1-2. Mr. Smith produced a video documentary of the same title.

8. See Melinda Meyer, "Prairie Neighbors: A Black Settlement at Brushy Fork," The Newman Independent, April 4, 1996, p.1.

9. Meyer, "Prairie Neighbors...," p.1.

10. The History of Coles County, Illinois, p.445.

11. Meyer, "Prairie Neighbors...," p.1.

12. This quotation is taken from George Washington Estell's family history note in possession of the Estell's family in Mattoon, Illinois.

13. Smith, "Shadows in the Past: African Americans in Early Coles County," p.4.

14. Gary S. Foster and Craig M. Eckert, "Up from the Grave: A Socio-Historical Reconstruction of African-American Community from Cemetery Data in the Rural Midwest,"Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL, typescript, p.7.

15. Foster and Eckert, "Up from the Grave...," pp.7-8.

16. Meyer, "Prairie Neighbors...," p.1.

17. Ibid..

18. Report in Charleston Daily Courier (no date). Based on the age of Mr. Williams given in the article, the report would have been written in the 1920's.

19. See Jean Johnston, Alice Larrabee, Gail Lumpkin and Marinne Thiel, Mattoon: A Pictoral History, St. Louis Missouri, G. Bradley Publishing, Inc., 1993, p.15.

20. See Nancy Easter-Shick and Bonnie Brooks Clark, 'Round the Square: Life in Downtown Charleston, Illinois, 1830-1998, Charleston, IL, Easter-Chick Publishing, 1999, p.48.

21. Ibid., p.49.

22. See Michael P. Johnston (ed.), Abraham Lincoln, Slavery, and the Civil War: Selected Speeches, Boston and New York, Bedford/St. Martin's, 2001, pp.73-74.

23. See Easter, Shick and Brooks Clark, 'Round the Square:, p.142.

24. Ibid..

25. Cited in Easter-Shick and Brooks Clark, Round the Square:, p.144.

26. "Heavily Fined on Disorderly Charge: J.P. Cranshaw, Colored and Mrs. Mary Evans, White, Arrested Last Night," in Mattoon Daily Journal Gazette and Commercial Star, 15 November 1923, p.4.

27. Ibid..

28. "KuKlux Card on Cranshaw's Door," in Mattoon Journal Gazette and Commercial Star, 16 November 1923, p.4.

29. "Cranshaw Reported to Have Left City: Mary Evans, Caught with Colored Barber, Placed Aboard Train Enroute to Chicago," in Mattoon Daily Journal Gazette and Commercial Star, 17 November 1923, p.4.

30. Meyer, "Prairie Neighbors...," p.1.

31. John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss Jr., From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans, Boston, McGraw-Hill, 2000, p.221.

32. Smith, "Shadows in the Past: African Americans in Early Coles County," p.4.

33. Ibid..

34. Cited in Angela Whitmal, "Before the Great Migration: Coles County, 1840-1915," A Local History paper, Department of History, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL, May 4, 1990, pp.5-6.

35. See Charles Edward Wilson, History of Coles County Illinois, Salem, Massachusetts, Higginson Book Company, 1905, p.724.

36. Whitmal, "Before the Great Migration: Coles County, 1840-1915," p.6.

37. Ibid., p.5.

38. Smith, "Shadows in the Past: African Americans in Early Coles County," pp.9-10.

39. Whitmal, "Before the Great Migration: Coles County, 1840-1915," p.8.

40. Ibid..

41. Smith, "Shadows in the Past: African Americans in Early Coles County," p.10.

42. Whitmal, "Before the Great Migration: Coles County, 1840-1915," p.8.

43. Russell T. Willingham, The History of Railroads in Coles County, Coles Historical Series, No.3 (based on a 1974 paper Willingham presented to eh Coles County Historical Society), p.4.

44. Ibid., p.3.

45. Whitmal, "Before the Great Migration: Coles County, 1840-1915," p.7.

46. John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss, Jr., From Slavery to Freedom:, p.466.

47. Marta Cates Ladd and Constance Schneider Kimball (eds.) Coles County History, 1876-1976, Dallas, Texas, Taylor Publishing Company, 1976, p.394.

48. Whitmal, "Before the Great Migration: Coles County, 1840-1915," p.9.

49. See and unidentified newspaper clipping titled "Last Church Member Still Faithful," dated Friday, March 25, 1977. The story was written about Bernice Gray one of the two last surviving members of the A.M.E. church in 1977. The other surviving member was Amy Pondexter of 1716 Moultrie in Mattoon.

50. Whitmal, "Before the Great Migration: Coles County, 1840-1915," p.11.

51. "Mattoon Blacks Depend on Church," in Herald & Review, Decatur, Illinois, Tuesday, February 8, 1994, p.9.

52. Ibid..

53. Quoted in History of the City of Mattoon, IL, extracted from Historical Pamphlets "from out of the past": History of Mattoon, 1850-1913 by Col. Joseph Withington, originally published in Mattoon Journal, pp. 11-11.5.

54. Ibid..

55. Whitmal, "Before the Great Migration: Coles County, 1840-1915," p.13.

56. "Mattoon Blacks Depend on Church," in Herald & Review, p.9.

57. Ibid.. The interview is reproduced here as it appears in the transcript.

58. Quoted from a 1998 Karen Franklin's interview transcript with Mr. and Mrs. James Williams as part of the Historical Administration local history project, History Department, Eastern Illinois University.

59. Ibid..

60. Whitmal, "Before the Great Migration: Coles County, 1840-1915," p.14.

61. See Eastern Illinois State Teachers College, The Teachers College Bulletin: Alumni Register, 1900-1929, p. 24.

62. Charles H. Coleman, Eastern Illinois State College: Fifty Years of Public Service, in Eastern Illinois State College Bulletin, No. 189, January, 1950, pp. 324-325.

63. See Eastern News, Wednesday, July 11, 1973, p.4.

64. Information supplied by Dr. Bill T. Ridgeway, EIU professor emeritus.

65. Roger Whitlow, "A Quarter Century of Student Life," in Donald F. Tingley, (ed.) The Emerging University: A History of Eastern Illinois University, 1949-1974, Charleston, IL, Eastern Illinois University, 1974, p.89.

66. Ibid..

67. Quoted in "Negroes Issue Demands," Eastern News, Tuesday, May 14, 1968.

68. Ibid..

69. "Doudna agrees to meet Black demands," Eastern News, Friday, April 3, 1970, p.1.

70. Whitlow, "A Quarter Century of Student Life," pp.89-90.

71. Ibid., p.90.

72. Ibid., p.91.

73. See "Patricia Roberts Harris, (1924-1985)," Britannica Online, http://www.britannica.com/women/articles/Harris_Patricia_Roberts.html

74. See Jack E. Horsley, History of Craig & Craig, Attorneys 1868-1988, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Braun-Brumfield, Inc., 1991, pp.95-96.

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