Introductory Comment: According to the biography of a famous French architect, he asked a small-town catholic priest what he had learned from 15 years of listening to confessionals. The priest said he learned two things: (1) people are less happy than they seem, and (2) there is no such thing as a grown up human being.

I. Biography:

1856 Parents - Jacob Freud (1815-1896) & Amilia Freud (1835 - 1930). Mother called him "my Golden Sigi" (from Das Sieg - "victory"). Oldest of 6 surviving children.

1873 Starts medical school. Wanted to do research. Studied under Ernst Brucke who viewed body as a dynamic system following laws of physics & chemistry.

1875 Changed name from Sigismund to Sigmund

1877 Worked with Josef Breuer who had a patient called Anna O.

1881 graduated from Medical school (after 8 years).

1882 Met & engaged to Martha Bernays - 4 1/2 yr. engagement; 900 letters. Also, discussed Breuer's patient Anna O.

1884 Started to experiment with cocaine. How long and how much he used is being hotly debated.

1885 Studied under Jean Charcot in Paris who was using hypnosis to treat hysteria. Hysteria (physical symptoms without physical causes) - "glove anesthesia" was a common disorder in Freud's time. 4 main characteristics:

(1). Almost psychotic indifference to gross bodily dysfunction

(2) Primarily female

(3) Primarily from middle & upper-middle class families,

(4) Onset typically during adolescence or early 20's. Example: Anna O. (Bertha Pappenheim) who called the therapy process with Breuer the "talking cure". (Incidently, diagnosis of hysteria is no longer in DSM-III). Freud learned 3 things: neurotics suffer from reminiscences (memories); memories can be unconscious; & memories have a common core. The fundamental assumption is called psychic determinism (no mental accidents). An example might be a parapraxis ("slip of the tongue").

1886 Married; 6 children in 8 years; married for 50 years

1887 Met Wilhelm Fliess, Berlin nose doctor who was Freud's close contact in the early development of Freud's therapy. Freud's letters were bought by Marie Bonaparte who was responsible for getting Freud out of Vienna to London.

1896 Coined term "Psychoanalyse" (In German, "psyche" = soul). Also, Freud's father dies & Freud starts his self-analysis.

1897 Rejects seduction theory - His reasons are a big debate today. Was he a coward or was he correct? Today the same debate is occurring over the False Memory Syndrome.

1900 Published The Interpretation of Dreams (Die Traunmdetung) - his best book. Got paid $209. Only 600 copies sold in first 8 years. By 1932 (19 yrs after translation), only 16,250 copies sold in US & UK.

1902 Formed Psychological Wednesday Society (Adler & Rank)

1904 Published Psychopathology of Everyday Life; ended relationship with Fliess (who accused Freud of plagiarism).

1907 Freud & Jung meet in Vienna

1908 Forms Vienna Psychoanalytical Society

1909 Forms International Psychoanalytical Society with Carl Jung as its first president. Comes to US to give a series of lectures at Clark Univ. (invited by G. Stanley Hall).

1923 presented structural model of id, ego, & superego (age 67)

1924 Turns down offer of $100,000 by Samuel Goldwyn to cooperate in making movies of famous love stories.

1933 Nazi's burn his books in Berlin (Einstein's also)

1938 Leaves Vienna for London

1939 Sept. 26. Died in London. In his last 20 years he had 33 operations for cancer of the jaw.

A. Consciousness - deals with reality, is tied to your perception of the external world. Operates on the Reality Principle.

B. Preconscious - contains material that can easily be brought into consciousness (3 X 7 = ?).

C. Unconscious (most important). Characteristics:

1. Rooted in biology - link in mind-body split

2. Not organized - not logical

3. Makes no time distinctions

4. Basic premise called the Pleasure Principle (desire to "feel good")

5. Ultimate source of motivation (what you desire)

6. Always in conflict with society (children must be "tamed").

A. Animals - Instincts are biologically based (simple reproductive behavior). Intercourse occurs when females are receptive ("in heat"). Always the same, typically rather fast.

B. Humans - Sex instinct is basic force without instructions (must learn). Not tied to specific behaviors - called polymorphous perversity.

I. Core Tendency - to maximize instinctual gratification while minimizing punishment and guilt. Known as the reality principle.

II. Core Characteristics:

A. Id - a "cauldron of seething expectations", it contains the instincts. From the German das Es ("it"). The German phrase for "I am hungry" is "Es hungert mich" or, in direct translation, "It hungers me" - a recipient of actions initiated in me, but not by me. Freud believed that instincts are experienced as foreign rather than part of ourselves. From German "das Trieb" - impulse; not "der Instinkt".

1. Instincts - the original contents of the mind, or the mental representation of a somatic process.

a. Two types:

(1) Life - Sex (Eros) & self-preservation

(2) Death - Thanatos

b. Four Characteristics:

(1) Source - somatic process in body

(2) Energy - rooted in somatic deprivation; libido = "fluid-like substance of biological origin".

(3) Aim - satisfaction, tension-reduction

(4) Object -objects in external world that make satisfaction possible.

2. Pleasure Principle - to maximize instinctual gratification (feel good) without regard to external reality.

3. Primary Process Thinking - where imagined objects give hallucinatory (and thus only partial) satisfaction. - Autism & magical thinking.

4. Death Instinct (Thanatos) - developed after WWI to explain aggression, war, why people engage in self-destructive behaviors. Never well developed.

1. Reality Principle - the ego derives from the id and tends to maximize instinctual gratification while minimizing punishment & guile (the core tendency).

2. Secondary Process Thinking - is logical, rational, & deals with the external world.

3. Two functions:

a. Deal effectively with external world

b. Behave defensively (it's major function) - to translate instinctual demands into expressions not inconsistent with the demands of the superego.

4. Defensive Behavior:

a. Anxiety - a signal the some instinctual wish might bring punishment and/or guilt - triggers a defense mechanism

b. Defense Mechanism - strikes a compromise between demands of instincts & society. Some (denial) distort reality more than others (sublimation).

5. Implication of defensive behavior - Without much introspection and/or psychoanalysis, most people are not fully aware of their true wishes, feelings, or desires. "The ego knows how, not why".

1. The part of the mind containing the traditional values & taboos of society as interpreted by the parents.

2. Makes guilt possible - the internal version of punishment. Get depression if it is too strong.

3. Two parts:

a. Conscience - cultural bans (the don'ts)

b. Ego ideal - positive acts (the do's)

4. Is the heir of the Oedipus Complex - men have more fully developed superego than women.

Freud viewed development as the process of the transference of libidinal energy from one erogenous zone to another. If things go well, the energy will move forward (like advancing armies). With problems (either frustration or overindulgence), the energy will become fixated (not free to advance) or regress (retreat to earlier outpost).

From my teaching perspective, I view Freud's theory as a retrospective explanation of adult behavior. A theory developed to explain why adults have problems working and loving. I do not consider this a literal description of childhood development or behavior.

I. Oral Stage - first year of life ( --> 18 months)

A. Erogenous zone - mouth (watch an infant feed) - "He who sees a satiated child sink back from mother's breast and fall asleep with reddened cheeks and blissful smile will have to admit that this picture remains as typical of the expression of sexual gratification in later life".

B. Area of Conflict - feeding

1. Frustration - schedule-fed. Fed only on schedule to meet nutrition requirements. Result in tight-lipped people who eat only for nourishment.

2. Overindulgence - demand-fed. When "super-mom" feeds the child at the slightest whimper. Gives rise to emphasis on oral pleasures (eating, drinking, smoking, oral sex, etc.)

C. Primary Activities - receiving vs taking

1. oral incorporative (receiving) - first 6 months.

2. oral aggressive (taking) - with teeth, learn to bite.

D. Love Crisis: Love vs Indifference. Here, the child is self-absorbed (narcissistic). Needs to recognize external world as necessary for fulfillment of needs. Must go from selfishness to relationships.

E. France could be considered an "oral" culture with it's emphasis on food & wine.

A. Erogenous zone - anus. Comes about with the myelination of nerve fibers and control of muscles.

B. Area of Conflict - Toilet training

1. Frustration - when parents demand exacting control of bowel habits. (develop strong habits)

2. Overindulgence - when parents allow child freedom to develop his/her own control. (become expressive)

C. Primary Activities - withholding vs giving

1. anal retentive - withholding (controlled, hoarding)

2. anal expulsive - giving (uncontrolled, expressive)

D. Love Crisis: Love vs Hate. Here aggression and love can be fused so that there are strong vacillations between love and hate.

E. Switzerland could be considered an anal culture with its emphasis on time, cleanliness, and money/banking.

F. A primitive ego and secondary process thinking starts at the end of this stage.

A. Erogenous zone - genitals. At this age, children walk around without clothing and explore their genitals (often in front of embarrassed parents). Notice that there is no good term for children playing with their genitals (definitely not masturbation).

B. Primary Activity - heterosexualizing interactions. With ego development, become more aware of external world. Must go from nonsocial (narcissistic) to social being. Become aware that they are not the center of the universe and that Mother & Daddy have a relationship independent of themselves. Become jealous of that relationship.

C. Male Oedipus Complex (A complex is Carl Jung's term for an unconscious collection of ideas).

1. Greek mythology - based on play by Sophocles.

2. Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. Around 3-5, find a re-enactment of the primordial lusting for the female in the home (mother). The boy wants to become his mother's lover in such a way as he has divined from his child-like observations & intuitions about sexual life (now from TV and movies). In a general sense, he would like to have mother all to himself.

3. Castration anxiety. The boy views Dad as the major threat to his desire for Mom and worries about what Dad would do if Dad found out what he wanted. As an aside, many Freudians view death of a father or divorce here as particularly destructive. If the child wishes Dad would disappear and he does, this makes the child forever fearful of his thoughts and desires - called infantile omnipotence.

4. Solution - drop desire, identify with Dad

a. Develop superego - adopt father's values

b. Give up on sex - move into latency period where boys want nothing to do with girls.

c. Repress the whole event - best evidence is no evidence (what wonderful logic).

D. Female Oedipus Complex - Freud never used term Electra Complex. He never fully developed this aspect of his theory.

1. Penis envy - Girls come to enjoy their sexual organs just like boys. However, notice that they do not have protruding organ. Since "bigger is better", she feels cheated. Since you can't fear losing what you have never had, there is no real equivalent of castration anxiety. Thus, women have weaker developed superegos.

2. Solution - develop a special relationship with Dad, but keep sexual identity with Mom. Someday may be able to marry and have a son.

3. Some modern theorists maintain that the daughter's competition with mother comes later during the preteen/teen years with clashes over who is "sexy". Also, fathers must pull away from daughter at this age which girls view as a withdrawal of affection.

E. Moral developmental views of Kollberg & Gilliagn

A. Both sexes "forget" (repress) their Oedipal attachments and there is a reduction in sexuality in the child.

B. The development of the reality principle and the learning of skills becomes important.

C. Their identity improves by playing only with members of the same sex. Harry Stack Sullivan called this stage of development the "Chum" stage.

A. Adolescence - not much said here. With re-emergence of sexual instinct, sexual conflicts reappear. The first manifestation is usually in the form of an "adolescent crush" on an older person of the opposite sex. Possibilities include:

1. Sublimate sexual energy into emotional commitments to sports, cheerleading, academics, politics, church, or other endeavors.

2. The death instinct reappears in hostility, rebelliousness, or juvenile delinquency.

3. Or the sexual instinct can be repressed "out of sight" with vows of celibacy, or attractions to mystical philosophies, religions, or cults.

B. Adulthood & Genitality - not fully reached by many people (without help). Two characteristics:

1. Ability to love - including sexual intercourse and ability to have orgasms. Freud said vaginal orgasms are better than clitoral orgasms. Controversial even today.

2. Ability to work - effectively and diligently add to society without anal compulsiveness or dependence of oral character.

Freud specified various character types which are expressive of the activities and conflicts of the various psychosexual stages of development and the defense mechanisms common to those stages.

I. Oral Character - due to excessive fixation of libidinal energy during oral stage of development.

A. Primary activities are giving/receiving

B. Major Defense Mechanisms:

1. Projection - "blame it" - attribute objectional traits to others. Actually, attempt to convert neurotic or moral anxiety into objective anxiety.

a. Neurotic anxiety - clash between id and reality (I am bad student --> He is a bad teacher)

b. Moral anxiety - clash of id vs superego (I am unfaithful --> my wife/husband is unfaithful)

2. Denial - "Don't see it" - failing to perceive threatening objects in the external world. Main defense mechanism of alcoholics & drug addicts.

3. Introjection - "Don't admit where you got it" - the acceptance of other's values & norms as one's own even if they are contrary to one's previous assumptions. Hazing, fraternity initiations

C. Traits - remember that oral aggressive are more sarcastic & cynical than destructive.

Oral Incorporative	Oral Aggressive
"swallow anything"	"biting remarks"
overindulged	frustrated
optimistic	pessimistic
gullible	suspicious
passive	manipulative

The public stereotype here is of the Oral Incorporative - affable, chubby & loquacious. Try to conceptualize an anorexic Santa Claus.

D. Love Crisis: Love vs. Indifference (narcissistic)

E. Breakdown --> schizophrenia (indifference to its illogical extreme, "blunted emotional affect).

A. Primary activities are giving-withholding

B. Defense mechanisms

1. Intellectualization - "redefine it" - dealing with painful situation only on intellectual level. Nuclear bombs are "deterrents"

2. Reaction formation - "reverse it" - concealing a motive by consciously experiencing the opposite. Usually accompanied by much emotion - "The lady doth protest too much".

3. Undoing - "take it back" - engaging in thoughts or acts to atone for immoral desires or acts - Pontious Pilot.

C. Traits:

Anal Retentive	Anal Expulsive
controlled	expressive
frustration	overindulgence
stingy	overly generous
orderly	messy
meticulous	dirty
precise	vague

The typical stereotype is of the anal retentive type who is excessively neat. The "Odd Couple" of Felix Ungar (retentive) vs Oscar Madison (expulsive).

D. Love Crisis: Love vs. Hate. For many anal characters, sex and aggression become fused. Thus adults often vacillate between love and hate.

E. Breakdown --> Obsessive-compulsive

A. Primary activity - heterosexual interactions

B. Defense Mechanism:

1. Repression - "Don't remember it" - active prevention of threatening thoughts from entering consciousness. Solution to Oedipus complex

C. Traits - Here the traits are not related to frustration or overindulgence. Basically, sexual identity is formed during the phallic stage and the masculine or feminine pole is determined. Males may become Don Juans or homosexuals. Females may become Southern Belles or castrating females.

vanity - self-hatred

pride - humility

gregariousness - isolated

promiscuous - chaste

D. Love Crisis: Love vs. Being Loved - here one is torn between the active (male) or passive (female) sexuality

1. Male - needs an erection to make love. Thus major fear is impotency & failure

2. Female - is dependent upon male's erection. Thus, major fear is loss of love and being left alone.

E. Breakdown --> hysteria in women; homosexuality or perversions in men.

A. Is fully able to love and work.

B. Defense Mechanism:

1. Sublimation - "transform it" - Finding culturally approves outlets for primitive impulses (aggressive green beret becoming a street cop)

A. Orals - have problems with dependency needs (theory of ulcer formation)

B. Anals - have problems with aggression - either overcontrol or undercontrol.

C. Phallics - have problems with sex & sexual identity

I. Criticisms:

A. Overemphasis on infantile sexuality

B. Overstressed early personality formation

C. Failed to consider adult personality changes

D. Overemphasized the unconscious

E. Artificial division of personality (id , ego, superego)

A. People are irrational

B. Exploration of the unconscious - never quite so sure of your motives as you were before

C. Animal nature of man - human nature is what we are to rise above

D. Importance of infancy & childhood - Benjamin Spock went through 3 personal psychoanalyses - the first in 1933, the last in the 1980s.

E. Defense Mechanisms - Behavior is not always what it seems.

F. Physical symptoms can have psychological causes - Psychosomatic medicine & Psychophysiology

G. Psychoanalysis - still popular if money is no object

IV. My favorite quote on the research on Freud's theory: "All in all, the research evidence is hardly positive enough to change the mind of a skeptic. Nor is it sufficiently negative to trouble a dedicated psychoanalyst."